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Spallation is a process in which fragments of material are ejected from a body due to impact or stress. In the context of impact mechanics it describes ejection of material from a target during impact by a projectile .
An example of cosmic ray spallation is a neutron hitting a nitrogen-14 nucleus in the Earth's atmosphere, yielding a proton, an alpha particle, and a beryllium-10 nucleus, which eventually decays to boron-10. Alternatively, a proton can hit oxygen-16, yielding two protons, a neutron, and again an alpha particle and a beryllium-10 nucleus.
Spallation happens as the result of a large volume change during the reaction. In the case of actinide metals (most notably the depleted uranium used in some types of ammunition ), the material expands so strongly upon exposure to air that a fine layer of oxide is forcibly expelled from the surface.
Most notably spallation is believed to be responsible for the generation of almost all of 3 He and the elements lithium, beryllium, and boron, although some 7 Li and 7 Be are thought to have been produced in the Big Bang. The spallation process results from the impact of cosmic rays (mostly fast protons) against the interstellar medium. These ...
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The name was selected for the official opening of the facility in 1985; prior to this it was known as the SNS, or Spallation Neutron Source. The name was considered appropriate as Isis was a goddess who could restore life to the dead, and ISIS made use of equipment previously constructed for the Nimrod and NINA accelerators.
Episodes is a television sitcom created by David Crane and Jeffrey Klarik and produced by Hat Trick Productions. [1] It premiered on Showtime in the United States on January 9, 2011 [2] and on BBC Two in the United Kingdom on January 10, 2011. [1]
Building of European Spallation Source, January 2017. When the ISIS neutron source was built in England in 1985, its success in producing indirect images of molecular structures eventually raised the possibility of a far more powerful spallation source. By 1993, the European Neutron Scattering Association began to advocate for the construction ...