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A party-line vote in a deliberative assembly (such as a constituent assembly, parliament, or legislature) is a vote in which a substantial majority of members of a political party vote the same way (usually in opposition to the other political party(ies) whose members vote the opposite way).
The party structure pushing its representatives in parliament to vote along the line is referred to as party discipline, and efforts to enforce it are referred to as "whipping". Likewise, a party-line vote is one in which most or all of the legislators from each political party voted in accordance with that party's policies.
The spatial model of voting plots voters and candidates in a multi-dimensional space where each dimension represents a single political issue [39] [40] sub-component of an issue, [a] or candidate attribute. [41] Voters are then modeled as having an "ideal point" in this space and voting for the nearest candidates to that point.
A study of evaluative voting methods developed several models for generating rated ballots and recommended the spatial model as the most realistic. [7] Their empirical evaluation was based on two elections, the 2009 European Election Survey of 8 candidates by 972 voters, [ 8 ] and the Voter Autrement poll of the 2017 French presidential ...
In a voting system that uses multiple votes (Plurality block voting), the voter can vote for any subset of the running candidates. So, a voter might vote for Alice, Bob, and Charlie, rejecting Daniel and Emily. Approval voting uses such multiple votes. In a voting system that uses a ranked vote, the voter ranks the candidates in order of ...
(GB) the system produces candidates "who will vote the party line if and when they reach Parliament" [3] (GB) candidates have to rely on their party's base for support; (US) candidates must find support independent of their party [4] (GB) Party cohesion is incentivized by cabinet positions [5] Questions introduced in Section 1: the Electoral ...
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A two-party system is most common under plurality voting.Voters typically cast one vote per race. Maurice Duverger argued there were two main mechanisms by which plurality voting systems lead to fewer major parties: (i) small parties are disincentivized to form because they have great difficulty winning seats or representation, and (ii) voters are wary of voting for a smaller party whose ...