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  2. Machine code - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code

    In computer programming, machine code is computer code consisting of machine language instructions, which are used to control a computer's central processing unit (CPU). For conventional binary computers , machine code is the binary representation of a computer program which is actually read and interpreted by the computer.

  3. Low-level programming language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-level_programming_language

    A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture; commands or functions in the language are structurally similar to a processor's instructions. Generally, this refers to either machine code or assembly language. Because of the low (hence the word ...

  4. Edinburgh IMP - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_IMP

    "The IMP77 Language: A Reference Manual (rekeyed 2003)" (PDF). Edinburgh Computer History Project. University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2005. (ASCII version) "Using Imp77". "The Production of Optimised Machine Code for High Level Languages using Machine-Independent Intermediate Codes". "I-Code V1.3 Working Notes".

  5. List of programming languages by type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming...

    Reflective programming languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high-level structure at runtime or compile-time. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection:

  6. Assembly language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language

    In computer programming, assembly language (alternatively assembler language [1] or symbolic machine code), [2] [3] [4] often referred to simply as assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. [5]

  7. P-code machine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-code_machine

    Although the concept was first implemented circa 1966 as O-code for the Basic Combined Programming Language and P code for the language Euler, [2] the term P-code first appeared in the early 1970s. Two early compilers generating P-code were the Pascal-P compiler in 1973, by Kesav V. Nori, Urs Ammann, Kathleen Jensen, Hans-Heinrich Nägeli, and ...

  8. x86 assembly language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_assembly_language

    x86 assembly language is a family of low-level programming languages that are used to produce object code for the x86 class of processors. These languages provide backward compatibility with CPUs dating back to the Intel 8008 microprocessor, introduced in April 1972.

  9. Hack computer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_computer

    The assembler reads Hack assembly language source tiles (*.asm) and produces Hack machine language output files (*.hack). The machine language file is also a text file. Each line of this file is a 16-character string of binary digits that represents the encoding of each corresponding executable line of the source text file according to the ...