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The attachment of NTPs onto the 3' end of the RNA transcript provides the energy required for this synthesis. [2] NTPs are also energy producing molecules that provide the fuel that drives chemical reactions in the cell. [4] Multiple RNA polymerases can be active at once, meaning many strands of mRNA can be produced very quickly. [2]
The process of transcription is a major source of DNA damage, due to the formation of single-strand DNA intermediates that are vulnerable to damage. [53] The regulation of transcription by processes using base excision repair and/or topoisomerases to cut and remodel the genome also increases the vulnerability of DNA to damage. [53]
Several cell function specific transcription factor proteins (in 2018 Lambert et al. indicated there were about 1,600 transcription factors in a human cell [41]) generally bind to specific motifs on an enhancer [22] and a small combination of these enhancer-bound transcription factors, when brought close to a promoter by a DNA loop, govern the ...
This reaction is energetically favourable and releases 30.5 kJ/mol of energy. [3] In the cell, this reaction is often coupled with unfavourable reactions to provide the energy for them to proceed. [37] GTP is occasionally used for energy-coupling in a similar manner. [38] Binding of a ligand to a G protein-coupled receptor allows GTP to bind ...
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate [2] that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer. [3]
= reduction of free energy due to helicase, and G f {\displaystyle G_{\text{f}}} = reduction of free energy due to unzipping forces. Factors that contribute to the height of the activation barrier include: specific nucleic acid sequence of the molecule involved, the number of base pairs involved, tension present on the replication fork, and ...
Eukaryotic Transcription. Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. [1] Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all ...
Transcription factors are modular in structure and contain the following domains: [1] DNA-binding domain (DBD), which attaches to specific sequences of DNA (enhancer or promoter. Necessary component for all vectors. Used to drive transcription of the vector's transgene promoter sequences) adjacent to regulated genes