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  2. Philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism

    The reason why the good has to happen to the same subject is because the miserable cannot feel the happiness of the joyful, and hence it has no effect on him. The reason why the good has to happen at the same time is because the future joy does not act backwards in time, and so it has no effect on the present state of the suffering individual.

  3. History of philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophical...

    Like the fool, the wise too must die! So I hated life, because the work that is done under the sun was grievous to me. All of it is meaningless, a chasing after the wind. In chapter 4, the author also expresses antinatalistic thoughts, articulating that, better than those who are already dead, is he who has not yet been born: [12]

  4. Jigsaw (Saw character) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_(Saw_character)

    John Kramer (also known as "The Jigsaw Killer" or simply "Jigsaw") is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of the Saw franchise.Jigsaw, an engineer made his debut in the first film of the series, Saw, and appears in all subsequent installments, with the exception of Spiral, in which he is only mentioned and featured in photographs. [1]

  5. Solipsism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism

    Solipsism (/ ˈ s ɒ l ɪ p s ɪ z əm / ⓘ SOLL-ip-siz-əm; from Latin solus 'alone' and ipse 'self') [1] is the philosophical idea that only one's mind is sure to exist. As an epistemological position, solipsism holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure; the external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist outside the mind.

  6. History of philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy

    The history of philosophy is the systematic study of the development of philosophical thought. It focuses on philosophy as rational inquiry based on argumentation, but some theorists also include myth, religious traditions, and proverbial lore. Western philosophy originated with an inquiry into the fundamental nature of the cosmos in Ancient ...

  7. Open Socrates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Socrates

    "Open Socrates by Agnes Callard review – a design for life". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Demillo, Andrew (January 13, 2025). "Book Review: 'Open Socrates' shows why philosophy isn't a spectator sport". AP News; Power, Nina (January 4, 2025). "Why Socrates was right about free speech". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235.

  8. Philosophical realism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_realism

    Philosophical realism—usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters—is the view that a certain kind of thing (ranging widely from abstract objects like numbers to moral statements to the physical world itself) has mind-independent existence, i.e. that it exists even in the absence of any mind perceiving it or that its existence is not just a ...

  9. Existential nihilism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_nihilism

    Existential nihilism is the philosophical theory that life has no objective meaning or purpose. [1] The inherent meaninglessness of life is largely explored in the philosophical school of existentialism, where one can potentially create their own subjective "meaning" or "purpose".