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By the 13th century, the development of the cooling coil allowed the isolation of nearly pure ethanol by distillation. [1] Ethanol has been used for lamp oil and cooking, along with plant and animal oils. [2] Small alcohol stoves (also called "spirit lamps") were commonly used by travelers in the 17th century to warm food and themselves.
By early 2013, about 11 million E85 flex-fuel cars and light trucks were in operation, [10] [11] though actual use of E85 fuel was limited, because the ethanol fueling infrastructure was limited. [46] As of 2005, 68% of American flex-fuel car owners were not aware they owned an E85 flex. [12] [13] Flex and non-flex vehicles looked the same ...
Ethanol fuel has a "gasoline gallon equivalency" (GGE) value of 1.5, i.e. to replace the energy of 1 volume of gasoline, 1.5 times the volume of ethanol is needed. [4] [5] Ethanol-blended fuel is widely used in Brazil, the United States, and Europe (see also Ethanol fuel by country). [2]
One liter of ethanol releases 21.1 MJ in combustion, a liter of methanol 15.8 MJ and a liter of gasoline approximately 32.6 MJ. In other words, for the same energy content as one liter or one gallon of gasoline, one needs 1.6 liters/gallons of ethanol and 2.1 liters/gallons of methanol.
Summary of the main ethanol blends used around the world in 2013. Several common ethanol fuel mixtures are in use around the world. The use of pure hydrous or anhydrous ethanol in internal combustion engines (ICEs) is only possible if the engines are designed or modified for that purpose, and used only in automobiles, light-duty trucks and motorcycles.
It was powered by two Siemens & Halske alternators rated 30 hp (22 kW), 2 kV at 120 Hz and used 200 series-connected Gaulard 2-kV/20-V step-down transformers provided with a closed magnetic circuit, one for each lamp. Few months later it was followed by the first British AC system, which was put into service at the Grosvenor Gallery, London. It ...
California was the first state to adopt the Advanced Clean Cars II rule, and so far, 11 other states have followed suit, setting their sights on phasing out the sale of new gas-powered vehicles by ...
1837 – First American patent for an electric motor (U.S. patent 132). 1850 – The first explicit statement of the first and second law of thermodynamics, given by Rudolf Clausius. [7] 1860 – Lenoir 2 cycle engine [8] 1872 – Brayton Engine; 1877 – Nicolaus Otto patents a four-stroke internal combustion engine (U.S. patent 194,047). [9]