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Typically these languages use and, or and not for the lower precedence operators. Some programming languages derived from PL/I have a bit string type and use BIT(1) rather than a separate Boolean type. In those languages the same operators serve for Boolean operations and bitwise operations.
[3] Beyond logic, the term "conjunction" also refers to similar concepts in other fields: In natural language, the denotation of expressions such as English "and"; In programming languages, the short-circuit and control structure; In set theory, intersection. In lattice theory, logical conjunction (greatest lower bound).
It is a special case of a more general logical data type—logic does not always need to be Boolean ... Most programming languages, ... (Python 2) or __bool__ (Python 3).
Although the type of a logical disjunction expression is Boolean in most languages (and thus can only have the value true or false), in some languages (such as Python and JavaScript), the logical disjunction operator returns one of its operands: the first operand if it evaluates to a true value, and the second operand otherwise.
and | are bitwise operators that occur in many programming languages. The major difference is that bitwise operations operate on the individual bits of a binary numeral, whereas conditional operators operate on logical operations. Additionally, expressions before and after a bitwise operator are always evaluated.
In logic, negation, also called the logical not or logical complement, is an operation that takes a proposition to another proposition "not ", written , , ′ [1] or ¯. [ citation needed ] It is interpreted intuitively as being true when P {\displaystyle P} is false, and false when P {\displaystyle P} is true.
These include numerical equality (e.g., 5 = 5) and inequalities (e.g., 4 ≥ 3). In programming languages that include a distinct boolean data type in their type system, like Pascal, Ada, Python or Java, these operators usually evaluate to true or false, depending on if the conditional relationship between the two operands holds or not.
Short-circuit evaluation, minimal evaluation, or McCarthy evaluation (after John McCarthy) is the semantics of some Boolean operators in some programming languages in which the second argument is executed or evaluated only if the first argument does not suffice to determine the value of the expression: when the first argument of the AND function evaluates to false, the overall value must be ...