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Women remained behind to farm alone and do wage work locally. With male migration, the amount of labor dedicated to farming fell, as women retained child care responsibilities. This trend continued during liberalization, when taxes (and subsidies) for agriculture were removed, causing declines in agricultural incomes.
In high-income areas, many women hire other laborers. Of the men working in the fields, 24% are employed laborers, and 59% are helping their wives work. Women dominate the production and sales of urban agriculture. 68.8% [26] of the sales of products are women. Children work for their mothers at almost every stage of production and sales.
With increased capital intensification like increased use of tractors and ox implements, acreage increases and that implies women have to do more weeding and harvesting and increased work of caring for domestic animals, thus, more labor demands from women. [23] Besides tools, fertilizers and pesticides may be quite useful in increasing ...
In general, women account for a greater share of agricultural employment at lower levels of economic development, as inadequate education, limited access to basic infrastructure and markets, high-unpaid work burden and poor rural employment opportunities outside agriculture severely limit women’s opportunities for off-farm work.
Women working in sustainable agriculture come from numerous backgrounds, ranging from academia to labour. [88] From 1978-2007, in the United States, the number of women farm operators has tripled. [82] In 2007, women operated 14 percent of farms, compared to five percent in 1978.
Agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021 was 195 million tonnes of nutrients, of which 56% was nitrogen. [20] Asia represented 53% of the world's total agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021, followed by the Americas (29%), Europe (12%), Africa (4%) and Oceania (2%). This ranking of the regions is the same for all nutrients.
Ester Boserup (18 May 1910 [1] – 24 September 1999) was a Danish economist.She studied economic and agricultural development, worked at the United Nations as well as other international organizations, and wrote seminal books on agrarian change and the role of women in development.
Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to inputs. [1] While individual products are usually measured by weight, which is known as crop yield, varying products make measuring overall agricultural output difficult. Therefore, agricultural productivity is usually measured as the market value of the final output ...