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Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan. [1]
Developmental psychobiology is an interdisciplinary field, encompassing developmental psychology, biological psychology, neuroscience and many other areas of biology. The field covers all phases of ontogeny , with particular emphasis on prenatal, perinatal and early childhood development.
Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age.
When an aspect of development is strongly affected by early experience, it is said to show a high degree of plasticity; when the genetic make-up is the primary cause of development, plasticity is said to be low. [60] Plasticity may involve guidance by endogenous factors like hormones as well as by exogenous factors like infection. [57]
In psychology, developmental stage theories are theories that divide psychological development into distinct stages which are characterized by qualitative differences in behavior. [ 1 ] There are several different views about psychological and physical development and how they proceed throughout the life span.
The term ontogeny has also been used in cell biology to describe the development of various cell types within an organism. [4] Ontogeny is an important field of study in many disciplines, including developmental biology, cell biology, genetics, developmental psychology, developmental cognitive neuroscience, and developmental psychobiology.
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In psychology, the term early childhood is usually defined as the time period from birth until the age of five or six years, [1] therefore covering infancy, Pre-K, kindergarten and first grade. There are three simultaneous development stages: [ 2 ] It is distinct from early childhood education , and does not necessarily refer to the same ...