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For exclusively long-period MT (frequencies below approximately 0.1 Hz), the three discrete broadband magnetic field sensors may be substituted by a single compact triaxial fluxgate magnetometer. In many situations, only the telluric sensors will be used, and magnetic data borrowed from other nearby soundings to reduce acquisition costs.
More exceptionally, magnetometers are used for low-resolution exploratory surveys. Several types of magnetometer are used in terrestrial archaeology. Early surveys, beginning in the 1950s, were conducted with proton precession magnetometers. Data collection with proton precession instruments was slow, making high sample density surveys ...
Scalar magnetometers measure the total strength of the magnetic field to which they are subjected, but not its direction; Vector magnetometers have the capability to measure the component of the magnetic field in a particular direction, relative to the spatial orientation of the device. A vector is a mathematical entity with both magnitude and ...
The International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET) is a world-wide consortium of institutes operating ground-based magnetometers recording the absolute level of the Earth's time-varying magnetic field, [2] [3] [4] to an agreed set of standards. INTERMAGNET has its roots in discussions held at the Workshop on Magnetic ...
The range of magnetometers based on piezoelectric resonators is mV/T (millivolt/Tesla), so higher responsivity is generally better. [5] Resolution refers to the smallest magnetic field a device can measure. The smaller the number, the more sensitive the device. The range of magnetometers based on piezoelectric resonator is a few nT (nanoTesla). [5]
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The sensitivity of magnetometers depends upon the requirement. For example, the variations in the geomagnetic fields can be to the order of several aT where 1aT = 10 −18 T . In such cases, specialized magnetometers such as the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) are used.
A proton magnetometer, also known as a proton precession magnetometer (PPM), uses the principle of Earth's field nuclear magnetic resonance (EFNMR) to measure very small variations in the Earth's magnetic field, allowing ferrous objects on land and at sea to be detected.