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Decidualization is required in some mammalian species where embryo implantation and trophoblast cell invasion of the endometrium occurs, also known as hemochorial placentation. This allows maternal blood to come into direct contact with the fetal chorion , a membrane between the fetal and maternal tissues, and allows for nutrient and gas exchange.
Decidualization includes the process of differentiation of the spindle-shape stromal fibroblasts into the plump secretory decidual cells, which create a pericellular extracellular matrix rich in fibronectin and laminin (similar to epithelial cells). Vascularity, as well as vascular permeability, is enhanced in the decidualizing endometrium.
Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua.The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by funnel-shaped orifices, while their deeper portions are tortuous and dilated into irregular spaces.
Ectopic decidua are decidual cells found outside inner lining of the uterus.This condition was first described in 1971 by Walker [1] and the name 'ectopic decidua' was coined by Tausig. [2]
The endometrium increases thickness, becomes vascularized and its glands grow to be tortuous and boosted in their secretions. These changes reach their maximum about seven days after ovulation. [citation needed] Furthermore, the surface of the endometrium produces a kind of rounded cells, which cover the whole area toward the uterine cavity.
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Menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium). It occurs on a regular basis in uninseminated [ 1 ] sexually reproductive-age females of certain mammal species. Although there is some disagreement in definitions between sources, menstruation is generally considered to be limited to primates .
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