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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop following exposure to an extremely threatening or horrific event.It is characterized by several of the following signs or symptoms: unwanted re-experiencing of the traumatic event—such as vivid, intense, and emotion-laden intrusive memories—dissociative flashback episodes, or nightmares; active avoidance of thoughts, memories, or reminders ...
Tinnitus is described as hearing a sound when an external sound is not present. [13] Noise-induced hearing loss can cause high-pitched tinnitus. [14] An estimated 50 million Americans have some degree of tinnitus in one or both ears; 16 million of them have symptoms serious enough for them to see a doctor or hearing specialist.
Evaluation of tinnitus can include a hearing test (audiogram), measurement of acoustic parameters of the tinnitus like pitch and loudness, and psychological assessment of comorbid conditions like depression, anxiety, and stress that are associated with severity of the tinnitus. [citation needed]
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology. This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
Though the pathophysiology of tinnitus is not known, noise exposure can be a contributing factor, therefore tinnitus can be associated with hearing loss, generated by the cochlea and central nervous system (CNS). High frequency hearing loss causes a high pitched tinnitus and low frequency hearing loss causes a roaring tinnitus. [19]
Hyperacusis can also be accompanied by tinnitus. The latter is more common [13] and there are important differences between their involved mechanisms. [3] Hyperacusis can result in anxiety and stress. Avoidant behavior is often a response to prevent the effects of hyperacusis and this can include avoiding social situations. [14]
This may cause stress and anxiety due to the suspicion of malingering, thus exacerbating their symptoms. [20] On a societal level, malingering can erode public trust in mental health and disability systems by increasing skepticism and resistance to supporting mental health initiatives.
The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and the PHQ-15 were combined to create the PHQ-somatic, anxiety, depressive symptoms (PHQ-SADS) [2] and includes questions regarding panic attacks (after the GAD-7 section). Though less commonly used, there are also brief versions of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 that may be useful as screening tools in some settings.