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Air–fuel equivalence ratio, λ (lambda), is the ratio of actual AFR to stoichiometry for a given mixture. λ = 1.0 is at stoichiometry, rich mixtures λ < 1.0, and lean mixtures λ > 1.0. There is a direct relationship between λ and AFR. To calculate AFR from a given λ, multiply the measured λ by the
Using the O2 sensor signal, the ECU can operate the engine with an air–fuel ratio very close to 14.7:1, which is the ideal operating mixture for a three way catalyst to be effective. [3] Robert Bosch GmbH introduced the first automotive lambda sensor in 1976, [2] and it was first used by Volvo and Saab in that year. The sensors were ...
Failure rate is the frequency with which any system or component fails, expressed in failures per unit of time. It thus depends on the system conditions, time interval, and total number of systems under study. [1]
For example, AFR is used to characterize the reliability of hard disk drives.. The relationship between AFR and MTBF (in hours) is: [1] = (/) This equation assumes that the device or component is powered on for the full 8766 hours of a year, and gives the estimated fraction of an original sample of devices or components that will fail in one year, or, equivalently, 1 − AFR is the fraction of ...
In mathematical logic, the de Bruijn index is a tool invented by the Dutch mathematician Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn for representing terms of lambda calculus without naming the bound variables. [1] Terms written using these indices are invariant with respect to α-conversion , so the check for α-equivalence is the same as that for syntactic ...
Lambda (the Greek letter) is used in the automotive industry to represent the ratio of the actual air/fuel ratio to the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. Article needs to be corrected, but not sure how to handle the octane combustion example with the 14.7 "standard" stoichiometric ratio, and I can find no references.
α-conversion (alpha-conversion), sometimes known as α-renaming, [23] allows bound variable names to be changed. For example, α-conversion of λx.x might yield λy.y. Terms that differ only by α-conversion are called α-equivalent. Frequently, in uses of lambda calculus, α-equivalent terms are considered to be equivalent.
The purpose of β-reduction is to calculate a value. A value in lambda calculus is a function. So β-reduction continues until the expression looks like a function abstraction. A lambda expression that cannot be reduced further, by either β-redex, or η-redex is in normal form. Note that alpha-conversion may convert functions.