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The members of this family are part of the normal flora and commonly found in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. C. koseri may act as an opportunistic pathogen in individuals who are immunocompromised. [3] It rarely is community-acquired and mainly occurs as hospital-acquired infections. Infections caused by C. koseri can lead to ...
C. freundii is a soil-dwelling microorganism, but can also be found in water, sewage, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. The genus Citrobacter was discovered in 1932 by Werkman and Gillen. Cultures of C. freundii were isolated and identified in the same year from soil extracts.
The species C. amalonaticus, C. koseri, and C. freundii can use citrate as a sole carbon source. Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to indole (C. koseri is the only citrobacter to be commonly indole-positive), ferment lactose (C. koseri is a lactose fermentor), and use malonate.
Typical genera include: [3] Citrobacter are peritrichous facultative anaerobic bacilli between 0.6–6 μm in length. [4] Citrobacter species inhabit intestinal flora without causing harm, but can lead to urinary tract infections, bacteremia, brain abscesses, pneumonia, intra abdominal sepsis, meningitis, and joint infections if they are given the opportunity. [4]
C. rodentium is a non-motile, facultative aerobe that lives in the intestinal tract of mice. The indole production test is negative, and it cannot grow on citrate or KCN.It is negative for arginine dihydrolase (meaning it cannot utilize arginine as a carbon and energy source) and is negative for H 2 S production.
Coliform bacteria include genera that originate in feces (e.g. Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter). The fecal coliform assay is intended to be an indicator of fecal contamination; more specifically of E. coli which is an indicator microorganism for other pathogens that may be present in feces.
Another powerful animal tranquilizer has made its way into street drugs, added to illicit fentanyl and other opioids to prolong a user’s high. A dangerous new animal sedative is making its way ...
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