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According to traditional Jewish enumeration, the Hebrew Bible is composed of 24 books which came into being over a span of almost a millennium. [1]: 17 The Bible's earliest texts reflect a Late Bronze Age civilization of the Ancient Near East, while its last text, usually thought to be the Book of Daniel, comes from a second century BCE Hellenistic period.
A common format for biblical citations is Book chapter:verses, using a colon to delimit chapter from verse, as in: "In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth" (Gen. 1:1). Or, stated more formally, [2] [3] [4] [a] Book chapter for a chapter (John 3); Book chapter 1 –chapter 2 for a range of chapters (John 1–3);
The Catholic Bible contains 73 books; the additional seven books are called the Apocrypha and are considered canonical by the Catholic Church, but not by other Christians. When citing the Latin Vulgate , chapter and verse are separated with a comma, for example "Ioannem 3,16"; in English Bibles chapter and verse are separated with a colon, for ...
Some versions, including pre-KJV versions such as the Tyndale Bible, the Geneva Bible, and the Bishops Bible, treat the italicized words as a complete verse and numbered as 12:18, with similar words. In several modern versions, this is treated as a continuation of 12:17 or as a complete verse numbered 12:18:
The biblical book of Samuel-Kings was divided into two parts in the original Hebrew so it would fit conveniently onto ancient scrolls.When it was translated into Greek it expanded by a third (because Greek writing uses more letters per word in average than Hebrew writing), and so each part was divided in half, producing the books known today as 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel and 1 Kings and 2 Kings.
Robert Estienne (Robert Stephanus) was the first to number the verses within each chapter, his verse numbers entering printed editions in 1551 (New Testament) and 1553 (Hebrew Bible). [24] Several modern publications of the Bible have eliminated numbering of chapters and verses. Biblica published such a version of the NIV in 2007 and 2011.
The first division of the Jewish Bible is the Torah, meaning ' Instruction ' or ' Law '. In scholarly literature, it is frequently called by its Greek name, the Pentateuch (' five scrolls '). It is the group of five books made up of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy and stands first in all versions of the Christian Old Testament.
Modern Biblical criticism (as opposed to pre-Modern criticism) is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible without appealing to the supernatural. . During the eighteenth century, when it began as historical-biblical criticism, it was based on two distinguishing characteristics: (1) the scientific concern to avoid dogma and bias by applying a neutral, non-sectarian ...