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The earliest and most direct observational evidence of the validity of the theory are the expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law (as indicated by the redshifts of galaxies), discovery and measurement of the cosmic microwave background and the relative abundances of light elements produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN).
Cosmic inflation expands space by a factor of the order of 10 26 over a time of the order of 10 −36 to 10 −32 seconds. The universe is supercooled from about 10 27 down to 10 22 Kelvins. [18] The strong interaction becomes distinct from the electroweak interaction. Electroweak epoch ends 10 −12 s 10 15 K (150 GeV)
The most recent naked-eye supernova was SN 1987A, which was the explosion of a blue supergiant star in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. Theoretical studies indicate that most supernovae are triggered by one of two basic mechanisms: the sudden re-ignition of nuclear fusion in a white dwarf , or the sudden ...
Without major changes to the Big Bang theory itself, BBN will result in mass abundances of about 75% of hydrogen-1, about 25% helium-4, about 0.01% of deuterium and helium-3, trace amounts (on the order of 10 −10) of lithium, and negligible heavier elements. That the observed abundances in the universe are generally consistent with these ...
The history of the universe after inflation but before a time of about 1 second is largely unknown. [26] However, the universe is known to have been dominated by ultrarelativistic Standard Model particles, conventionally called radiation, by the time of neutrino decoupling at about 1 second. [27]
Big History covers the formation of the universe, stars, and galaxies, and includes the beginning of life as well as the period of several hundred thousand years when humans were hunter-gatherers. It sees the transition to civilization as a gradual one, with many causes and effects, rather than an abrupt transformation from uncivilized static ...
The solar system might have been hit by the brightest explosion ever seen, scientists have said. The pulse of intense radiation began its life in a cosmic explosion two billion light years away ...
The Stelliferous Era, is defined as, "6 < n < 14". This is the current era, in which matter is arranged in the form of stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters, and most energy is produced in stars. Stars will be the most dominant objects of the universe in this era. Massive stars use up their fuel very rapidly, in as little as a few million years.