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Circular reasoning (Latin: circulus in probando, "circle in proving"; [1] also known as circular logic) is a logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. [2] Circular reasoning is not a formal logical fallacy, but a pragmatic defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or ...
Historically, begging the question refers to a fault in a dialectical argument in which the speaker assumes some premise that has not been demonstrated to be true. In modern usage, it has come to refer to an argument in which the premises assume the conclusion without supporting it. This makes it an example of circular reasoning. [1] [2]
The circular argument, in which the proof of some proposition presupposes the truth of that very proposition; The regressive argument, in which each proof requires a further proof, ad infinitum; The dogmatic argument, which rests on accepted precepts which are merely asserted rather than defended
It was established as a separate entity in 1974 through the "Sindh Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education" amendment act No. 20 page 31 of the 1973 book of documentation. The current chairman of the Board is Prof. Nasim Ahmad Memon. [1] The Board has the power to organize, regulate, develop and control Intermediate Education.
The Education and Literacy Department is a key division of the Government of Sindh, Pakistan, responsible for overseeing the provincial's education system.Its primary role is to manage educational affairs within Sindh and coordinate with the Federal Government and donor agencies to promote education.
Circular reasoning (circulus in demonstrando) – the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end up with (e.g.: all bachelors are unmarried males). Fallacy of many questions (complex question, fallacy of presuppositions, loaded question, plurium interrogationum ) – someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been ...
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The Class VII (ages 11–12) book (Sindh Textbook Board) on Islamic Studies reads: "Most other religions of the world claim equality, but they never act on it." The Class VIII (ages 12–13) book (Punjab Textbook Board) on Islamic Studies reads: "Honesty for non-Muslims is merely a business strategy, while for Muslims it is a matter of faith."