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However, al-Qasim al-Rassi did not believe the Bible to be only misinterpreted, but instead to have an inauthentic transmission. [ 3 ] According to Camilla Adang , the early quranic exegete al-Tabari believed that there was a genuine Tawrat of Moses that had been lost and then restored by Ezra alongside a different Torah created by the rabbis ...
Ninth century Islamic commentators who invoked significant sections of the Bible in their writings include Ibn Qutaybah (d. 889) and his translation of Genesis 1–3, and Al-Qasim al-Rassi (d. 860) who included a large portion of the Book of Matthew in his Refutation of Christians. [36]
The earliest documented Christian knowledge of Muhammad stems from Byzantine sources, written shortly after Muhammad's death in 632. In the Doctrina Jacobi nuper baptizati, a dialogue between a recent Christian convert and several Jews, one participant writes that his brother "wrote to [him] saying that a deceiving prophet has appeared amidst the Saracens". [17]
He viewed Islamic doctrines as a mix of ideas taken from the Bible and claimed that Muhammad was influenced by an Arian monk. [21] Other notable early critics included Arabs like Abu Isa al-Warraq and Ibn al-Rawandi. [22]: 224 al-Ma'arri, an eleventh-century antinatalist and critic of all religions. His poetry was known for its "pervasive ...
The first Islamic author that argued for the presence of biblical prophecies of Muhammad was a letter by Ibn al-Layth at the turn of the 9th century. [2] This author largely focused on the Old Testament, although he also drew from some texts in the New Testament, primarily the Gospel of John when doing so.
The Quran and the Bible have over 50 characters in common, typically in the same narratives. The Quran identifies Enoch (Idris) and Ishmael as prophets (Surah Maryam 19:54-58), but they are never given a story. In the Bible, all these men are identified as righteous people but not prophets — except Ishmael who is blessed by God (Genesis 17:20).
The Scrolls of Moses (Arabic: صُحُفِ مُوسَىٰ, Ṣuḥuf Mūsā) are an ancient body of scripture mentioned twice in the Quran. They are part of the religious scriptures of Islam. Jordanian scholar and professor of philosophy Ghazi bin Muhammad mentions that the "Scrolls of Moses" are identical to the Torah of Moses. [23]
While Christianity and Islam hold their recollections of Jesus's teachings as gospel and share narratives from the first five books of the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible), the sacred text of Christianity also includes the later additions to the Bible while the primary sacred text of Islam instead is the Quran.