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  2. Phase transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

    In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter : solid , liquid , and gas , and in rare cases, plasma .

  3. Biological applications of bifurcation theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_applications_of...

    The phase diagrams are shown in Figure 5. Tracking the x-intercepts in the phase diagram as r changes, there are two fixed point trajectories which intersect at the origin; this is the bifurcation point (intuitively, when the number of x-intercepts in the phase portrait changes). The left fixed point is always unstable, and the right one stable.

  4. Superfluidity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidity

    The rapidity of change in flight patterns mimics the phase change leading to superfluidity in some liquid states. [18] Light behaves like a superfluid in various applications such as Poisson's Spot. As the liquid helium shown above, light will travel along the surface of an obstacle before continuing along its trajectory.

  5. Reflection phase change - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_phase_change

    Light waves change phase by 180° when they reflect from the surface of a medium with higher refractive index than that of the medium in which they are travelling. [1] A light wave travelling in air that is reflected by a glass barrier will undergo a 180° phase change, while light travelling in glass will not undergo a phase change if it is reflected by a boundary with air.

  6. Freezing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing

    Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition, which means that as long as solid and liquid coexist, the temperature of the whole system remains very nearly equal to the melting point due to the slow removal of heat when in contact with air, which is a poor heat conductor.

  7. Deposition (phase transition) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)

    One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-freezing air, water vapour changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid. This is how frost and hoar frost form on the ground or other surfaces, including leaves. For deposition to occur, thermal energy must be removed from a gas.

  8. Biological thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_thermodynamics

    Biological thermodynamics (Thermodynamics of biological systems) is a science that explains the nature and general laws of thermodynamic processes occurring in living organisms as nonequilibrium thermodynamic systems that convert the energy of the Sun and food into other types of energy.

  9. Biochemical switches in the cell cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_switches_in...

    In other words, a very small change in stimulus causes a very large change in response, producing a sigmoidal dose-response curve. An ultrasensitive response is described by the general equation V = S n /(S n + K m), known as the Hill equation, when n, the Hill coefficient, is more than 1. The steepness of the sigmoidal curve depends on the ...