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Bronchospasm or a bronchial spasm is a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles. It is caused by the release ( degranulation ) of substances from mast cells or basophils under the influence of anaphylatoxins .
Non-selective beta-blockers should be avoided in people with asthma or bronchospasm as they may cause exacerbations and worsening of symptoms. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] β 1 selective beta-blockers like bisoprolol have not been shown to cause an increase in asthma exacerbations, [ 28 ] and may be cautiously tried in those with controlled, mild-to ...
Prolonged apnea refers to a patient who has stopped breathing for a long period of time. If the heart muscle contraction is intact, the condition is known as respiratory arrest. An abrupt stop of pulmonary gas exchange lasting for more than five minutes may permanently damage vital organs, especially the brain.
It is life-threatening in the elderly or those who are immunocompromised. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The most common treatment is antibiotics and these vary in their adverse effects and their effectiveness. [ 13 ] [ 15 ] Pneumonia is also the leading cause of death in children less than five years of age in low income countries. [ 15 ]
These medications include short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) such as albuterol which typically last 4–6 hours, and long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) such as salmeterol which lasts 12 hours. [5] For example, during an acute asthma exacerbation where airway smooth muscle is constricted, inhalation of SABAs provide rapid relief of symptoms ...
Bronchospasm may resolve spontaneously in 1–2 hours, or in about 50% of subjects, may become part of a 'late' response, where this initial insult is followed 3–12 hours later with further bronchoconstriction and inflammation. [6]
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (or other combinations with airway or hyperreactivity, BH used as a general abbreviation) [1] is a state characterised by easily triggered bronchospasm (contraction of the bronchioles or small airways). Bronchial hyperresponsiveness can be assessed with a bronchial challenge test.
The issue of bronchospasm acquired prominence in the neuromuscular-blocking agents arena after the withdrawal from clinical use of rapacuronium (Raplon - a steroidal neuromuscular-blocking agent marketed by Organon) in 2001 [9] [10] after several serious events of bronchospasm, [11] [12] including five unexplained fatalities, [13] following its ...