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In the late 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton had advocated that light was corpuscular (particulate), but Christiaan Huygens took an opposing wave description. While Newton had favored a particle approach, he was the first to attempt to reconcile both wave and particle theories of light, and the only one in his time to consider both, thereby anticipating modern wave-particle duality.
Admission to undergraduate science programs (BS Four-year and BS-MS Dual Degree Five-year programs) in 7 IISERs, BS Four-year program in IISc, and BS Four-year program of MSE in IIT Madras only. Year started: 2010 (15 years ago) () Duration: 3 hours: Score range-60 to +240: Offered: once in a year: Restrictions on attempts
In theoretical physics, the dual photon is a hypothetical elementary particle that is a dual of the photon under electric–magnetic duality which is predicted by some theoretical models, [3] [4] [5] including M-theory. [1] [2] It has been shown that including magnetic monopole in Maxwell's equations introduces a singularity.
The energy content of this volume element at 5 km from the station is 2.1 × 10 −10 × 0.109 = 2.3 × 10 −11 J, which amounts to 3.4 × 10 14 photons per (). Since 3.4 × 10 14 > 1, quantum effects do not play a role. The waves emitted by this station are well-described by the classical limit and quantum mechanics is not needed.
The third class are matter waves which have a wavevector, a wavelength and vary with time, but have a zero group velocity or probability flux. The simplest of these, similar to the notation above would be cos ( k ⋅ r − ω t ) {\displaystyle \cos(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t)} These occur as part of the particle in a box , and ...
In theoretical physics, the dual graviton is a hypothetical elementary particle that is a dual of the graviton under electric-magnetic duality, as an S-duality, predicted by some formulations of eleven-dimensional supergravity. [3] The dual graviton was first hypothesized in 1980. [4]
It is not known whether the neutrino is a Dirac fermion or a Majorana fermion. [4] Fermions are the basic building blocks of all matter. They are classified according to whether they interact via the strong interaction or not. In the Standard Model, there are 12 types of elementary fermions: six quarks and six leptons.
Blacksmiths work iron when it is hot enough to emit plainly visible thermal radiation. The color of a star is determined by its temperature, according to Wien's law. In the constellation of Orion, one can compare Betelgeuse (T ≈ 3800 K, upper left), Rigel (T = 12100 K, bottom right), Bellatrix (T = 22000 K, upper right), and Mintaka (T = 31800 K, rightmost of the 3 "belt stars" in the middle).