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Quinine is an alkaloid, a naturally occurring chemical compound. [5] How it works as a medicine is not entirely clear. [5] Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of a cinchona tree, which is native to Peru, [5] [9] [10] and its molecular formula was determined by Adolph Strecker in 1854. [11]
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a requirement for a prescription from a healthcare professional, [1] as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be supplied only to consumers possessing a valid prescription.
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
There is one study supporting the use of a novel combination of dextromethorphan and low dose quinidine in alleviating symptoms of easy laughing and crying (pseudobulbar affect); these are a type of rather severe uncontrollable behaviors which can be present in various neurological pathologies such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis.
In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83 ppm [8] (83 mg per liter), while the daily therapeutic dose of quinine is in the range of 500–1000 mg, [9] and 10 mg/kg every eight hours for effective malaria prevention (2,100 mg daily for a 70-kilogram (150 lb) adult). [10]
Quinolone antibiotics constitute a large group of broad-spectrum bacteriocidals that share a bicyclic core structure related to the substance 4-quinolone. [1] They are used in human and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections, as well as in animal husbandry, specifically poultry production.
One of these, 4-butylresorcinol, has been proved to be more effective at treating melanin-related skin disorders by a wide margin, as well as safe enough to be made available over the counter. [ 35 ] In the anthraquinone process substituted hydroquinones, typically anthrahydroquinone are used to produce hydrogen peroxide which forms ...
The total synthesis of quinine, a naturally-occurring antimalarial drug, was developed over a 150-year period. The development of synthetic quinine is considered a milestone in organic chemistry although it has never been produced industrially as a substitute for natural occurring quinine.