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Solid-state ionic devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells, can be much more reliable and long-lasting, especially under harsh conditions, than comparable devices with fluid electrolytes. [1] The field of solid-state ionics was first developed in Europe, starting with the work of Michael Faraday on solid electrolytes Ag 2 S and PbF 2 in 1834.
A solid with extensive hydrogen bonding will be considered a molecular solid, yet strong hydrogen bonds can have a significant degree of covalent character. As noted above, covalent and ionic bonds form a continuum between shared and transferred electrons; covalent and weak bonds form a continuum between shared and unshared electrons.
Ionic bonds have high bond energy. Bond energy is the mean amount of energy required to break the bond in the gaseous state. Most ionic compounds exist in the form of a crystal structure, in which the ions occupy the corners of the crystal. Such a structure is called a crystal lattice.
Fast ion conductors are intermediate in nature between crystalline solids which possess a regular structure with immobile ions, and liquid electrolytes which have no regular structure and fully mobile ions. Solid electrolytes find use in all solid-state supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells, and in various kinds of chemical sensors.
A solid-state battery (SSB) is an electrical battery that uses a solid electrolyte for ionic conductions between the electrodes, instead of the liquid or gel polymer electrolytes found in conventional batteries. [1] Solid-state batteries theoretically offer much higher energy density than the typical lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries. [2]
LISICON is an acronym for LIthium Super Ionic CONductor, [1] which refers to a family of solids with the chemical formula Li 2+2x Zn 1−x GeO 4.. The first example of this structure was discovered in 1977, providing a chemical formula of Li 14 Zn(GeO 4) 4.
A solid-state electrolyte (SSE) is a solid ionic conductor and electron-insulating material and it is the characteristic component of the solid-state battery. It is useful for applications in electrical energy storage (EES) in substitution of the liquid electrolytes found in particular in lithium-ion battery .
The disordered structure of this solid allows the Ag + ions to move easily. The present record holder for ionic conductivity is the related material Ag 2 [HgI 4]. [3] β''-alumina was developed at the Ford Motor Company in the search for a storage device for electric vehicles while developing the sodium–sulfur battery. [2]