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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium.
Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C. Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.
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When measuring water treated with water softeners, high levels of total dissolved solids do not correlate to hard water, as water softeners do not reduce TDS; rather, they replace magnesium and calcium ions, which cause hard water, with an equal charge of sodium or potassium ions, e.g. Ca 2+ ⇌ 2 Na +, leaving overall TDS unchanged [9] or even ...
Water to be filtered is then applied to the filter surface until the filter clogs and the backwash cycle needs to be repeated. [3]: 264–8 [4]: 10.53–10.58 [5]: 937–9 [6]: 8.11–8.18 [7]: 353–6 Some water treatment filters use surface wash systems that break up the heavily clogged, granular media surface layer.
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