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The most common form of sterilization in dogs and cats is surgical, spaying in females and castration in males. Non-surgical fertility control can either result in sterilization or temporary contraception and could offer a cheaper way to keep wild dog and cat populations under control. As of 2019, only contraceptives are commercially available.
Levonorgestrel is a hormonal medication which is used in a number of birth control methods. [3] [7] It is combined with an estrogen to make combination birth control pills. [8]As an emergency birth control, sold under the brand names Plan B One-Step and Julie, among others, it is useful within 72 hours of unprotected sex.
The failure rate of a copper IUD is approximately 0.8% and can prevent pregnancy for up to 10 years. The hormonal IUD (also known as levonorgestrel intrauterine system or LNg IUD) releases a small amount of the hormone called progestin that can prevent pregnancy for 3–8 years with a failure rate of 0.1-0.4%. [1]
If perforation does occur it can damage the internal organs, and in some cases surgery is needed to remove the IUD. Pregnancy complications: Although the risk of pregnancy with an IUD is very small, if one does occur there is an increased risk of serious problems. These include ectopic pregnancy, infection, miscarriage, and early labor and ...
Dual protection is the use of methods that prevent both sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy. [127] This can be with condoms either alone or along with another birth control method or by the avoidance of penetrative sex. [128] [129] If pregnancy is a high concern, using two methods at the same time is reasonable. [128]
About 24% of women who use any type of fertility awareness program become pregnant during the first year, compared to about 85% of sexually active women who are not trying to prevent a pregnancy. [6] [5] The World Health Organization ranked fertility awareness methods, taken as a whole, as an "effective" method of preventing pregnancies. [5]
It is believed that combined hormonal contraceptives work primarily by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Progestogen-only contraceptives can also prevent ovulation, but rely more significantly on the thickening of cervical mucus. Ormeloxifene does not affect ovulation, and its mechanism of action is not well understood.
It has been shown to prevent about 62–85% of expected pregnancies, [14] and prevents more pregnancies than emergency contraception with levonorgestrel. [15] Ulipristal acetate is available by prescription for emergency contraception in over 50 countries, with access through pharmacists without a prescription being tested in the United Kingdom.