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Quantum mechanics. In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all spin-1/2 massive particles, called "Dirac particles", such as electrons and quarks for which parity is a symmetry. It is ...
The standard model is a quantum field theory, meaning its fundamental objects are quantum fields, which are defined at all points in spacetime. QFT treats particles as excited states (also called quanta) of their underlying quantum fields, which are more fundamental than the particles. These fields are.
Bethe formula. The Bethe formula or Bethe–Bloch formula describes the mean energy loss per distance travelled of swift charged particles (protons, alpha particles, atomic ions) traversing matter (or alternatively the stopping power of the material). [ 1 ] For electrons the energy loss is slightly different due to their small mass (requiring ...
Linearity. The Schrödinger equation is a linear differential equation, meaning that if two state vectors and are solutions, then so is any linear combination of the two state vectors where a and b are any complex numbers. [13]: 25 Moreover, the sum can be extended for any number of state vectors.
e. In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. [1][2][3] In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. [2]
Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula. The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula (sometimes known as the NNG formula) relates the baryon number B, the strangeness S, the isospin I3 of quarks and hadrons to the electric charge Q. It was originally given by Kazuhiko Nishijima and Tadao Nakano in 1953, [1] and led to the proposal of strangeness as a concept ...
Consequently, the acceleration is the second derivative of position, [7] often written . Position, when thought of as a displacement from an origin point, is a vector: a quantity with both magnitude and direction. [9]: 1 Velocity and acceleration are vector quantities as well. The mathematical tools of vector algebra provide the means to ...
The factor of 1 / 2 is present because the zero-point energy of the n th mode is 1 / 2 E n, where E n is the energy increment for the n th mode. (It is the same 1 / 2 as appears in the equation E = 1 / 2 ħω.) Written in this way, this sum is clearly divergent; however, it can be used to create finite expressions.