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In meteorology, clear-air turbulence (CAT) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual clues, such as clouds, and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet.
A classical model for the phugoid period can be simplified to about (0.85 times the speed in knots) seconds, but this only really works for larger aircraft. [ further explanation needed ] Phugoids are often demonstrated to student pilots as an example of the speed stability of the aircraft and the importance of proper trimming.
Wake turbulence can occasionally, under the right conditions, be heard by ground observers. [25] On a still day, the wake turbulence from heavy jets on landing approach can be heard as a dull roar or whistle. This is the strong core of the vortex. If the aircraft produces a weaker vortex, the breakup will sound like tearing a piece of paper.
WHAT IS TURBULENCE? Turbulence or pockets of disturbed air can have many causes, most obviously the unstable weather patterns that trigger storms, according to an industry briefing by planemaker ...
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SST (Menter's shear stress transport) turbulence model [11] is a widely used and robust two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence model used in computational fluid dynamics. The model combines the k-omega turbulence model and K-epsilon turbulence model such that the k-omega is used in the inner region of the boundary layer and switches to the k ...
clear air turbulence [1] CAT 2: Commercial Air Transport CAVOK Ceiling and Visibility OK [11] Visibility is at least 10 kilometres and no clouds below 5000 feet with no forecasted significant weather change such as precipitation. CAVU Ceiling and Visibility Unlimited CAW continuing airworthiness CB Cumulonimbus cloud: CBT computer-based ...
Airplanes dropping dozens of feet in seconds. Chaos in cabins. Injuries and, in extreme cases, fatalities. Here’s how air turbulence can create problems for air travelers.