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The manifesto which Nicholas II issued on 15 February 1899 was cause for Finnish despair. [1] [2] [a] The manifesto was forced through the Finnish senate by the deciding vote of the senate president, an appointee of the tsar—and after the Governor-General of Finland, Nikolay Bobrikov, had threatened a military invasion and siege. [1]
From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809 (Hurst & Co. 1999). Kan, Aleksander. "Storfurstendömet Finland 1809–1917 – dess autonomi enligt den nutida finska historieskrivningen" (in Swedish) ["Autonomous Finland 1809–1917 in contemporary Finnish historiography"] Historisk Tidskrift, 2008, Issue 1, pp. 3 ...
This article deals with the political history of Finland from prehistoric times, through the Swedish rule (c.1200-1808), to the Russian rule (Grand Duchy of Finland, 1809-1917) and the time of independent Finland (1917-). In this context, Finland broadly refers to the geographical area in which the current Finnish state is located.
The Senate of Finland made a new version of the conscription law proposal for the coming diet in November 1898, which was completely different from that made by the Russian General Staff, because its background was retaining Finland's own armed forces. Kuropatkin and Bobrikov became furious when they heard of the senate's proposal, as they felt ...
The policy of Russification, coupled with Russian defeat in World War I and the subsequent Russian Revolution paved the way for Finland's declaration of independence on December 6, 1917. The former Swedish counties , that for a century had been ruled as governorates of a Russian Grand Principality, would now become the provinces ( Finnish ...
The policy of Russification of Finland (1899–1905 and 1908–1917, called sortokaudet / sortovuodet ('times/years of oppression') in Finnish) was the policy of the Russian czars designed to limit the special status of the Grand Duchy of Finland and fully integrate it politically, militarily, and culturally into the empire. [71]
The throne has been part of the collection of the National Museum of Finland from 1919 onwards The Porvoo Diet is opened by Alexander I The Diet of Finland ( Finnish Suomen maapäivät , later valtiopäivät ; Swedish Finlands Lantdagar ), was the legislative assembly of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906 and the recipient of the ...
The Russification of Finland (1899–1905, 1908–1917), sortokaudet ("times of oppression" in Finnish) was a governmental policy of the Russian Empire aimed at the termination of Finland's autonomy. Finnish opposition to Russification was one of the main factors that ultimately led to Finland's declaration of independence in 1917.