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Third-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began in the early 1990s, [2] prominent in the decades prior to the fourth wave. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Grounded in the civil-rights advances of the second wave , Gen X third-wave feminists born in the 1960s and 1970s embraced diversity and individualism in women, and sought to redefine what it meant to be a ...
In the context of third-wave and fourth-wave feminism, the term is today often used by essayists [3] and cultural analysts [4] in reference to a movement made palatable to a general audience. [5] Mainstream feminism is often derisively referred to as "white feminism", [ 6 ] a term implying that mainstream feminists do not fight for ...
[4] [86] [87] Fourth-wave feminism can be further defined by its focus on intersectionality and broadening views on gender-identity. [88] [89] Issues that fourth-wave feminists focus on include street and workplace harassment, campus sexual assault and rape culture. Scandals involving the harassment, abuse, and murder of women and girls have ...
Kira Cochrane, author of All the Rebel Women: The Rise of the Fourth Wave of Feminism, [228] defines fourth-wave feminism as a movement that is connected through technology. [229] [230] Researcher Diana Diamond defines fourth-wave feminism as a movement that "combines politics, psychology, and spirituality in an overarching vision of change." [231]
Fourth-wave feminism is a proposed extension of third-wave feminism which corresponds to a resurgence in interest in feminism beginning around 2012 and associated with the use of social media. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] According to feminist scholar Prudence Chamberlain, the focus of the fourth wave is justice for women and opposition to sexual harassment ...
[1] [2] [3] It can be considered a critical way of understanding the changed relations between feminism, femininity and popular culture. The term is sometimes confused with subsequent feminisms such as fourth-wave feminism, postmodern feminism, [4] and xenofeminism.
The rise of the fourth wave in the 2010s led to new discussions on sexual violence, consent and body positivity, as well as a deepening of intersectional perspectives. [37] [38] [39] Simultaneously, feminist philosophy and anthropology saw a rise in new materialist, affect-oriented, posthumanist and ecofeminist perspectives. [40] [41] [42] [43]
However, third-wave feminism—which emerged shortly after the term intersectionality was coined in the late 1980s—noted the lack of attention to race, class, sexual orientation, and gender identity in early feminist movements, and tried to provide a channel to address political and social disparities.