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Third-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began in the early 1990s, [2] prominent in the decades prior to the fourth wave. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Grounded in the civil-rights advances of the second wave , Gen X third-wave feminists born in the 1960s and 1970s embraced diversity and individualism in women, and sought to redefine what it meant to be a ...
Fourth-wave feminism is a feminist movement that began around 2012 [1] and is characterized by a focus on the empowerment of women, [2] the use of internet tools, [3] and intersectionality. [4] The fourth wave seeks greater gender equality by focusing on gendered norms and the marginalization of women in society.
Fourth-wave feminism is a proposed extension of third-wave feminism which corresponds to a resurgence in interest in feminism beginning around 2012 and associated with the use of social media. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] According to feminist scholar Prudence Chamberlain, the focus of the fourth wave is justice for women and opposition to sexual harassment ...
[4] [86] [87] Fourth-wave feminism can be further defined by its focus on intersectionality and broadening views on gender-identity. [88] [89] Issues that fourth-wave feminists focus on include street and workplace harassment, campus sexual assault and rape culture. Scandals involving the harassment, abuse, and murder of women and girls have ...
Kira Cochrane, author of All the Rebel Women: The Rise of the Fourth Wave of Feminism, [228] defines fourth-wave feminism as a movement that is connected through technology. [229] [230] Researcher Diana Diamond defines fourth-wave feminism as a movement that "combines politics, psychology, and spirituality in an overarching vision of change." [231]
Harvard Psychology Professor Steven Pinker argues that feminism has reduced domestic violence against men as their likelihood of being killed by a female intimate partner has decreased six-fold. [3] However, fourth-wave feminism has coincided with significant increases in male violence and femicides against women, a lot of it regarded as a ...
The rise of the fourth wave in the 2010s led to new discussions on sexual violence, consent and body positivity, as well as a deepening of intersectional perspectives. [37] [38] [39] Simultaneously, feminist philosophy and anthropology saw a rise in new materialist, affect-oriented, posthumanist and ecofeminist perspectives. [40] [41] [42] [43]
However, third-wave feminism—which emerged shortly after the term intersectionality was coined in the late 1980s—noted the lack of attention to race, class, sexual orientation, and gender identity in early feminist movements, and tried to provide a channel to address political and social disparities.