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The Merkle signature is a one time signature with finite signing potential. The work of Moni Naor and Moti Yung on signature based one-way permutations and functions (and the invention of universal one-way hash functions) gives a way to extend a Merkle-like signature to a complete signature scheme. [3]
Widely used in many programs, e.g. it is used in Excel 2003 and later versions for the Excel function RAND [8] and it was the default generator in the language Python up to version 2.2. [9] Rule 30: 1983 S. Wolfram [10] Based on cellular automata. Inversive congruential generator (ICG) 1986 J. Eichenauer and J. Lehn [11] Blum Blum Shub: 1986
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Fortuna is a family of secure PRNGs; its design leaves some choices open to implementors. It is composed of the following pieces: The generator itself, which once seeded will produce an indefinite quantity of pseudo-random data.
Most time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other: The lower numeral indicates the note value that the signature is counting. This number is always a power of 2 (unless the time signature is irrational), usually 2, 4 or 8, but less often 16 is also used, usually in Baroque music. 2 corresponds to the half note (minim), 4 to the quarter note (crotchet), 8 to the eighth ...
In the asymptotic setting, a family of deterministic polynomial time computable functions : {,} {,} for some polynomial p, is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG, or PRG in some references), if it stretches the length of its input (() > for any k), and if its output is computationally indistinguishable from true randomness, i.e. for any probabilistic polynomial time algorithm A, which ...
Later Alice wants to sign a message. First she hashes the message to a 256-bit hash sum. Then, for each bit in the hash, based on the value of the bit, she picks one number from the corresponding pairs of numbers that make up her private key (i.e., if the bit is 0, the first number is chosen, and if the bit is 1, the second is chosen).
Hash-based signature schemes use one-time signature schemes as their building block. A given one-time signing key can only be used to sign a single message securely. Indeed, signatures reveal part of the signing key. The security of (hash-based) one-time signature schemes relies exclusively on the security of an underlying hash function.