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A loudspeaker (commonly referred to as a speaker or, more fully, a speaker system) is a combination of one or more speaker drivers, an enclosure, and electrical connections (possibly including a crossover network). The speaker driver is an electroacoustic transducer [1]: 597 that converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. [2]
A loudspeaker acts as a generator when a coil is moving in a magnetic field. When the loudspeaker coil moves in response to a signal from the amplifier, the coil generates a back EMF that resists the amplifier signal and resists the coil movement.
All speaker drivers have a means of electrically inducing back-and-forth motion. Typically there is a tightly wound coil of insulated wire (known as a voice coil) attached to the neck of the driver's cone. In a ribbon speaker, the voice coil may be printed or bonded onto a sheet of very thin paper, aluminum, fiberglass or plastic.
The auditory threshold is taken to be 10 –12 W/m 2 (which corresponds to a pressure level of 20×10 −6 Pa). Therefore a speaker with 100% efficiency would produce an SPL equal to 10log(0.159155/10 –12), which is 112.02 dB. The SPL at 1 metre for an input of 1 watt is then: dB (1 watt) = 112.02 + 10·log()
This is currently quite hard to achieve, and so the ideal loudspeaker systems for stereo reproduction would have a uniform dispersion at all frequencies. Listening to sound in an anechoic "dead" room is quite different from listening in a conventional room, and, while revealing about loudspeaker behaviour it has an unnatural sonic character ...
Audio signal processing is a subfield of signal processing that is concerned with the electronic manipulation of audio signals.Audio signals are electronic representations of sound waves—longitudinal waves which travel through air, consisting of compressions and rarefactions.
Schematic showing an electrostatic speaker's construction and its connections. The thickness of the diaphragm and grids has been exaggerated for the purpose of illustration. An electrostatic loudspeaker (ESL) is a loudspeaker design in which sound is generated by the force exerted on a membrane suspended in an electrostatic field.
A horn loudspeaker is a loudspeaker or loudspeaker element which uses an acoustic horn to increase the overall efficiency of the driving element(s). A common form (right) consists of a compression driver which produces sound waves with a small metal diaphragm vibrated by an electromagnet, attached to a horn, a flaring duct to conduct the sound waves to the open air.