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The Annales School of 20th-century French historians emphasized the importance of peasants. Its leader Fernand Braudel devoted the first volume—called The Structures of Everyday Life —of his major work, Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy.
According to Marxist–Leninist political theories of the early 20th century, the kulaks were considered class enemies of the poorer peasants. [4] [5] Vladimir Lenin described them as "bloodsuckers, vampires, plunderers of the people and profiteers, who fatten themselves during famines", [6] declaring revolution against them. [7]
Philip Calderon "French Peasants Finding Their Stolen Child"; 1859. French peasants were the largest socio-economic group in France until the mid-20th century. The word peasant, while having no universally accepted meaning, is used here to describe subsistence farming throughout the Middle Ages, often smallholders or those paying rent to landlords, and rural workers in general.
Rye and oats were the traditional grains. Before the Emancipation of the serfs in 1861 wheat was mainly grown on the demesnes of the landlords of the grain-surplus areas, and mainly for export abroad. But during the 20th century wheat progressively replaced rye as the principal grain crop. [3]
Articles relating to peasants, pre-industrial agricultural laborers or farmers with limited land-ownership, especially those living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord.. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: slaves, serfs, and free tenants.
Obshchina Gathering by Sergei Korovin. The organization of the peasant mode of production is the primary cause for the type of social structure found in the obshchina. The relationship between the individual peasant, the family and the community leads to a specific social structure categorized by the creation of familial alliances to apportion risks between members of the community.
The open-field system was the prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe during the Middle Ages and lasted into the 20th century in Russia, Iran, and Turkey. [1] Each manor or village had two or three large fields, usually several hundred acres each, which were divided into many narrow strips of land.
It is translated as "peasants" or "farmers". [3] [4] Fellahin were distinguished from the effendi (land-owning class), [5] although the fellahin in this region might be tenant farmers, smallholders, or live in a village that owned the land communally. [6] [7] Others applied the term fellahin only to landless workers. [8]