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White sponge nevus (WSN) is an extremely rare autosomal dominant [4] condition of the oral mucosa (the mucous membrane lining of the mouth). It is caused by one or more mutations in genes coding for keratin, which causes a defect in the normal process of keratinization of the mucosa.
Keratohyalin is a protein structure found in cytoplasmic granules of the keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis.Keratohyalin granules (KHG) mainly consist of keratin, profilaggrin, [1] loricrin [2] and trichohyalin proteins which contribute to cornification or keratinization, the process of the formation of epidermal cornified cell envelope.
Parakeratosis is a mode of keratinization characterized by the retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum. [1] In mucous membranes, parakeratosis is normal. [2] In the skin, this process leads to the abnormal replacement of annular squames with nucleated cells.
Because of the differences between mucous membranes and the skin (e.g., keratinizing mucosa does not have a stratum lucidum and non keratinizing mucosa does not have this layer or normally a stratum corneum or a stratum granulosum), sometimes specialized texts give slightly different definitions of hyperkeratosis in the context of mucosae.
Alveolar mucosa, the lining between the buccal and labial mucosae. It is a brighter red, smooth, and shiny with many blood vessels, and is not connected to underlying tissue by rete pegs. [6] Buccal mucosa, the inside lining of the cheeks; part of the lining mucosa. Labial mucosa, the inside lining of the lips; part of the lining mucosa. [7]
Keratinized epithelium has keratin deposited on the surface which makes it impermeable and dry. Examples of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include skin, the epidermis of the palm of the hand, and the sole of the foot, [3] and the masticatory mucosa.
The vermilion border (sometimes spelled vermillion border), also called margin or zone, is the normally sharp demarcation between the lip and the adjacent normal skin.It represents the change in the epidermis from highly keratinized external skin to less keratinized internal skin.
The dead cells are then forced out of the follicle (primarily by the growing hair). However, in hyperkeratinization, this process is interrupted and a number of these dead skin cells do not leave the follicle because of an excess of keratin, a natural protein found in the skin. This excess of keratin, which is influenced by genetics, results in ...