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  2. Compatibility of C and C++ - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_of_C_and_C++

    C++ enforces stricter typing rules (no implicit violations of the static type system [1]), and initialization requirements (compile-time enforcement that in-scope variables do not have initialization subverted) [7] than C, and so some valid C code is invalid in C++. A rationale for these is provided in Annex C.1 of the ISO C++ standard.

  3. Access modifiers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_modifiers

    The class will be accessible to other classes in the same package but will be inaccessible to classes outside the package. When we say that a class is inaccessible, it simply means that we cannot create an object of that class or declare a variable of that class type. The protected access specifier too cannot be applied to a class.

  4. Type qualifier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_qualifier

    shared is used for shared data in multi-threading (as volatile was briefly used for in C++). inout is a wildcard used to allow functions that do not modify data (and thus are only concerned with the unqualified type of the data) to return the same qualified type as the input. const and immutable can also be used as storage class specifiers.

  5. List of C-family programming languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_C-family...

    Based on C++, but with an incompatible syntax having traits from other C-like languages like Java and C#. Dart: 2013: Lars Bak and Kasper Lund : A class-based, single inheritance, object-oriented language with C-style syntax. E: 1997 Mark S. Miller, Dan Bornstein (Electric Communities)

  6. Composition over inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_over_inheritance

    Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should favor polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) over inheritance from a base or parent class. [2]

  7. Accessory (legal term) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)

    Article 121-6 of the Code pénal states that "the accomplice to the offence, in the meaning of article 121-7, is punishable as a perpetrator". Article 121-7 distinguishes, in its two paragraphs, complicity by aiding or abetting and complicity by instigation. It thus states that:

  8. C++ classes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++_classes

    A class in C++ is a user-defined type or data structure declared with any of the keywords class, struct or union (the first two are collectively referred to as non-union classes) that has data and functions (also called member variables and member functions) as its members whose access is governed by the three access specifiers private, protected or public.

  9. First-class citizen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_citizen

    In a given programming language design, a first-class citizen [a] is an entity which supports all the operations generally available to other entities. These operations typically include being passed as an argument , returned from a function , and assigned to a variable .