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Macaulay2 is built around fast implementations of algorithms useful for computation in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. This core functionality includes arithmetic on rings, modules, and matrices, as well as algorithms for Gröbner bases, free resolutions, Hilbert series, determinants and Pfaffians, factoring, and similar.
For example, X 1 X 2 does not equal X 2 X 1. More generally, one can construct the free algebra R E on any set E of generators. Since rings may be regarded as Z-algebras, a free ring on E can be defined as the free algebra Z E . Over a field, the free algebra on n indeterminates can be constructed as the tensor algebra on an n-dimensional ...
The universal enveloping algebra of a free Lie algebra on a set X is the free associative algebra generated by X.By the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem it is the "same size" as the symmetric algebra of the free Lie algebra (meaning that if both sides are graded by giving elements of X degree 1 then they are isomorphic as graded vector spaces).
An open textbook is a textbook licensed under an open license, and made available online to be freely used by students, teachers and members of the public. Many open textbooks are distributed in either print, e-book, or audio formats that may be downloaded or purchased at little or no cost.
Algebra is one of the main branches of mathematics, covering the study of structure, relation and quantity. Algebra studies the effects of adding and multiplying numbers , variables , and polynomials , along with their factorization and determining their roots .
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We first define a free product of two algebras. Let A and B be algebras over a commutative ring R . Consider their tensor algebra , the direct sum of all possible finite tensor products of A , B ; explicitly, T = ⨁ n = 0 ∞ T n {\displaystyle T=\bigoplus _{n=0}^{\infty }T_{n}} where
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