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The Marco Polo Bridge incident, also known as the Lugou Bridge incident [a] or the July 7 incident, [b] was a battle during July 1937 in the district of Beijing between the 29th Army of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Imperial Japanese Army.
The Marco Polo Bridge is well known because it was highly praised by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo during his visit to China in the 13th century (leading the bridge to become known in Europe simply as the Marco Polo Bridge), and for the 20th-century Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which marked the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937 ...
Immediately after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, Ma Bufang arranged for a cavalry division under the Muslim General Ma Biao to be sent east to battle the Japanese. [5] Ethnic Turkic Salar Muslims made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang. [6]
Promoted to major in 1934, Ichiki was assigned to the China Garrison Army as a battalion commander of the 1st Infantry Regiment in 1936. On 7 July 1937, the Japanese conducted a practice night attack around the Marco Polo Bridge, firing blanks in the air.
The Tongzhou mutiny (Chinese and Japanese: 通州事件; pinyin: Tōngzhōu Shìjiàn; Wade–Giles: Tungchow Shihchien; rōmaji: Tsūshū jiken), sometimes referred to as the Tongzhou Massacre, was an assault on Japanese civilians and troops by the security forces of East Hebei Autonomous Government in Tongzhou, China, on 29 July 1937, shortly after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, which ...
The Second Sino-Japanese War began on 7 July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge incident in the Republic of China and is often regarded as the start of World War II as full-scale warfare erupted with the Battle of Shanghai, [1] and ending when the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945. [2]
During this time, Imai was assigned intelligence expert for Japan's military. He gathered information regarding China's efforts and plans well after the Marco Polo Incident. From late 1937 and into 1939, wherein he was promoted to Colonel, he would meet with Chinese ambassadors to negotiate peace relations. [5]
These conflicts finally escalated in July 1937, when the Marco Polo Bridge Incident triggered the full advance from Japan. [25] Shanghai was China's largest and most cosmopolitan city, with it being the world's fifth largest city at the time.