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In image processing, a Gaussian blur (also known as Gaussian smoothing) is the result of blurring an image by a Gaussian function (named after mathematician and scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss). It is a widely used effect in graphics software, typically to reduce image noise and reduce detail.
Note that the Laplacian of the Gaussian can be used as a filter to produce a Gaussian blur of the Laplacian of the image because = by standard properties of convolution. The relationship between the difference of Gaussians operator and the Laplacian of the Gaussian operator is explained further in Appendix A in Lindeberg (2015).
In Image processing, each element in the matrix represents a pixel attribute such as brightness or color intensity, and the overall effect is called Gaussian blur. The Gaussian filter is non-causal, which means the filter window is symmetric about the origin in the time domain. This makes the Gaussian filter physically unrealizable.
In image processing, a kernel, convolution matrix, or mask is a small matrix used for blurring, sharpening, embossing, edge detection, and more.This is accomplished by doing a convolution between the kernel and an image.
Gaussian functions are widely used in statistics to describe the normal distributions, in signal processing to define Gaussian filters, in image processing where two-dimensional Gaussians are used for Gaussian blurs, and in mathematics to solve heat equations and diffusion equations and to define the Weierstrass transform.
In a Gaussian pyramid, subsequent images are weighted down using a Gaussian average (Gaussian blur) and scaled down. Each pixel containing a local average corresponds to a neighborhood pixel on a lower level of the pyramid. This technique is used especially in texture synthesis.
A box blur (also known as a box linear filter) is a spatial domain linear filter in which each pixel in the resulting image has a value equal to the average value of its neighboring pixels in the input image. It is a form of low-pass ("blurring") filter. A 3 by 3 box blur ("radius 1") can be written as matrix
Left: original image. Right: image processed with bilateral filter. A bilateral filter is a non-linear, edge-preserving, and noise-reducing smoothing filter for images. It replaces the intensity of each pixel with a weighted average of intensity values from nearby pixels. This weight can be based on a Gaussian distribution.