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Pathological demand avoidance (PDA) or extreme demand avoidance (EDA) is a proposed disorder, and proposed pervasive developmental disorder, defined by characteristics such as a demand avoidance—which is a greater-than-typical refusal to comply with requests or expectations—and extreme efforts to avoid social demands. [1]
Four Years Old in An Urban Community (1968) Seven Years Old in the Home Environment (1976) and; Perspectives On School at Seven Years Old (1977) Pathological demand avoidance syndrome: a necessary distinction within the pervasive developmental disorders (2003) lead author [7] Childhood into Adolescence: Growing up in the 1970s (2018)
ODD gradually develops and becomes apparent in preschool years, often before the age of eight years old. [2] [14] [15] However, it is very unlikely to emerge following early adolescence. [16] There is a difference in prevalence between boys and girls, with a ratio of 1.4 to 1 before adolescence. [2] Other research suggests a 2:1 ratio. [17]
Social disinterest, detachment, avoidance, or withdrawal in the face of evident competence (at times) of social engagement, particularly with adults. More often attachments may appear friendly and cooperative but very superficial, based primarily on receiving material needs. Inability to initiate or maintain peer relationships.
The age of diagnosis can range from 9 months to 14 years, and the mean age is 4 years old in the USA. [11] On average each case of ASD is tested at three different diagnostic centers before confirmed. Early diagnosis of the disorder can diminish familial stress, speed up referral to special educational programs and influence family planning. [12]
The criteria for Asperger syndrome excludes a speech delay or a cognitive delay in early life. [13]) Another group (around 25 percent) whose symptoms more closely resemble those of autism, but do not fully meet all its diagnostic signs and symptoms.
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Kanner viewed 1951 as a turning point for the wider understanding of autism. Within ten years, some fifty-two articles and one book had been published by a variety of thinkers and clinicians. Autism also began to be diagnosed overseas, first in Holland and then elsewhere. [10]