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MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating big data sets with a parallel and distributed algorithm on a cluster. [1] [2] [3]A MapReduce program is composed of a map procedure, which performs filtering and sorting (such as sorting students by first name into queues, one queue for each name), and a reduce method, which performs a summary ...
The Jaccard similarity coefficient is a commonly used indicator of the similarity between two sets. Let U be a set and A and B be subsets of U, then the Jaccard index is defined to be the ratio of the number of elements of their intersection and the number of elements of their union:
Conceptual dependency theory is a model of natural language understanding used in artificial intelligence systems.. Roger Schank at Stanford University introduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence. [1]
In computational complexity theory, a polynomial-time reduction is a method for solving one problem using another. One shows that if a hypothetical subroutine solving the second problem exists, then the first problem can be solved by transforming or reducing it to inputs for the second problem and calling the subroutine one or more times.
The hosts must choose a random value within an acceptable range to ensure that this situation doesn't happen. An exponential backoff algorithm is therefore used. The value 51.2 μs is used as an example here because it is the slot time for a 10 Mbit/s Ethernet line. However, 51.2 μs could be replaced by any positive value, in practice.
In this example: A depends on B and D. B depends on A and D. D depends on A, B, and E. E depends on D and C. C depends on E. In the domain of physics and probability , a Markov random field ( MRF ), Markov network or undirected graphical model is a set of random variables having a Markov property described by an undirected graph .
Logic programming is a programming, database and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic.A logic program is a set of sentences in logical form, representing knowledge about some problem domain.
Slice indexes may be omitted—for example, a [:] returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a shallow copy. In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as Common Lisp, Scheme, or Ruby. This leads to duplicating some functionality. For example: