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  2. Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Inquiries...

    It was the last book he finished in his lifetime, running to some 90 pages of a single long essay. It is commonly referred to as his " Freiheitsschrift " (freedom text) or "freedom essay". Described by Hans Urs von Balthasar as "the most titanic work of German idealism ", [ 1 ] it is also seen as anticipating much of the collection of basic ...

  3. History of human thought - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_human_thought

    The Zaidiyyah historically come from the followers of Zayd ibn Ali. The Alawites are a distinct religion that developed in the 9th/10th century. Historically, Twelver Shia scholars (such as Shaykh Tusi) did not consider Alawites as Shia Muslims while condemning their heretical beliefs. [108] Ibn Taymiyyah also pointed out that Alawites were not ...

  4. History of ontology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ontology

    Thought and extension are two attributes that each come in various modes of being. Modes of thinking include judgments, doubts, volitions, sensations and emotions while the shapes of material things are modes of extension. [44] Modes come with a lower degree of reality since they depend for their existence on a substance. [45]

  5. Existentialism Is a Humanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism_Is_a_Humanism

    "There is a contingency of human existence. It is a condemnation of their being. Their being is not determined, so it is up to everyone to create their own existence, for which they are then responsible. They cannot not be free, there is a form of necessity for freedom, which can never be given up."

  6. Human history - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history

    Human history is the record of humankind from prehistory to the present. Modern humans evolved in Africa around 300,000 years ago and initially lived as hunter-gatherers . They migrated out of Africa during the Last Ice Age and had spread across Earth's continental land except Antarctica by the end of the Ice Age 12,000 years ago.

  7. Existence precedes essence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence

    The proposition that existence precedes essence (French: l'existence précède l'essence) is a central claim of existentialism, which reverses the traditional philosophical view that the essence (the nature) of a thing is more fundamental and immutable than its existence (the mere fact of its being). [1]

  8. Origin myth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_myth

    Origin myths are narratives that explain how a particular reality came into existence. [3] They often serve to justify the established order by attributing its establishment to sacred forces [3] (see § Social function). The line between cosmogonic myths which describe the origin of the world and origin myths is not always clear.

  9. History - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History

    In this sense, history is what happened rather than the academic field studying what happened. When used as a countable noun, a history is a representation of the past in the form of a history text. History texts are cultural products involving active interpretation and reconstruction. The narratives presented in them can change as historians ...