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Use-value as such, since it is independent of the determinate economic form, lies outside the sphere of investigation of political economy. It belongs in this sphere only when it is itself a determinate form. Use-value is the immediate physical entity in which a definite economic relationship—exchange-value—is expressed. [4]
In political economy and especially Marxian economics, exchange value (German: Tauschwert) refers to one of the four major attributes of a commodity, i.e., an item or service produced for, and sold on the market, the other three attributes being use value, economic value, and price. [1] Thus, a commodity has the following:
In classical economics, the value of an object or condition is the amount of discomfort/labor saved through the consumption or use of an object or condition (Labor Theory of Value). Though exchange value is recognized, economic value is not, in theory, dependent on the existence of a market and price and value are not seen as equal. This is ...
A commodity also has a use value [6] and an exchange value. [7] It has a use value because, by its intrinsic characteristics, it can satisfy some human need or want, physical or ideal. [8] By nature this is a social use value, i.e. the object is useful not just to the producer but has a use for others generally. [9]
[60] [61] Keen responds by arguing that the labor theory of value only works if the use-value and exchange-value of a machine are identical, as Marx argued that machines cannot create surplus value since as their use-value depreciates along with their exchange-value; they simply transfer it to the new product but create no new value in the ...
This causes people to use currencies from other countries as a substitute. [5] According to the Cambridge cash-balance theory, which is represented by the Cambridge equation, money's ability to store value is more important than its function as a medium of exchange. [9]
Marx borrowed the idea of the form of value from the Greek philosopher Aristotle (circa 384–322 BC), who pondered the nature of exchange value in chapter 5 of Book 5 in his Nicomachean Ethics. [128] Aristotle distinguished clearly between the concepts of use-value and exchange-value (a distinction taken over by Adam Smith).
Value-in-use, or use value [2] – the net present value (NPV) [3] of a cash flow that an asset generates for a specific owner under a specific use. Value-in-use is the value to one particular user, and may be above or below the market value of a property. Investment value – the value to one particular investor, and may or may not be higher ...