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English-language taxonomic monographs covering large numbers of species are published for the Gulf of Mexico, [45] the Indian Ocean, [46] the British Isles, [47] the Mediterranean [48] and the North Sea. [49] The main source for identification of freshwater dinoflagellates is the Süsswasser Flora. [50]
Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates with the type species Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing. Gonyaulax belongs to red dinoflagellates and commonly causes red tides. It can produce yesotoxins: for example, strains of Gonyaulax spinifera from New Zealand are yessotoxin producers. [4]
Ceratocorys is a genus of photosynthetic free-living marine dinoflagellates first described in 1883 by Friedrich Stein. Currently consisting of 12 species, this genus is typically found at the water surface in tropical and subtropical ocean regions, and has both low nutrient requirements and salinity sensitivity.
Ceratium species belong to the group of dinoflagellates known as dinophysiales, meaning they contain armored plates. [2] They contain a pellicle, which is a shell, that is made from the cell membrane and vesicles; vesicles are composed of cross-linked cellulose , forming the plates. [ 2 ]
Oxyrrhis is widely regarded as having global distribution, but there are limited studies of its geographic range. [3] Most published data describe the range of Oxyrrhis as areas of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the USA, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic coasts of Europe, the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas, the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, and the western Pacific. [3]
Dinophysis is a genus of dinoflagellates [1] [2] [3] common in tropical, temperate, coastal and oceanic waters. [4] It was first described in 1839 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. [5] Dinophysis are typically medium-sized cells (30-120 μm). [5] The structural plan and plate tabulation are conserved within the genus. [4]
Ostreopsis is a genus of free-living dinoflagellates found in marine environments. [1] Some species are benthic ; the planktonic species in the genus are known for the toxic algal blooms that they sometimes cause, threatening human and animal health.
Dinoflagellates often live in symbiosis with other organisms. Many nassellarian radiolarians house dinoflagellate symbionts within their tests. [ 207 ] The nassellarian provides ammonium and carbon dioxide for the dinoflagellate, while the dinoflagellate provides the nassellarian with a mucous membrane useful for hunting and protection against ...