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The term originally derives from the early fourteenth century sense of trade (in late Middle English) still often meaning "path" or "track". [2] The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds (then the volta do mar, meaning in Portuguese "turn of the sea" but also "return from the sea") in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic Ocean as early as the 15th century. [3]
Trade wind cumulus (or trade cumulus) clouds are formed by cooling and moisture absorption of the dry trade winds over the relatively cold sea surface in the eastern parts of the oceans. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] These are clouds , typically Cumulus humilis or Cumulus mediocris , which are considered as fair weather clouds.
Cumulonimbus (from Latin cumulus 'swell' and nimbus 'cloud') is a dense, towering, vertical cloud, [1] typically forming from water vapor condensing in the lower troposphere that builds upward carried by powerful buoyant air currents.
Cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds formed by quickly generated ground heat; including forest fires, volcanic eruptions and low level nuclear detonation. Accepted as a WMO genitus cloud with the Latin name flammagenitus , or homogenitus in the case of small cumulus formed by contained human activity.
In the first method, two conditions must be satisfied. First, a horizontal spinning effect must form on the Earth's surface. This usually originates in sudden changes in wind direction or speed, known as wind shear. [7] Second, a cumulonimbus cloud, or occasionally a cumulus cloud, must be present. [7]
the cloud height, measured above sea level, ranging from 0 to 20 km; the cloud IR emissivity, with values between 0 and 1, with a global average around 0.7; the effective cloud amount, the cloud amount weighted by the cloud IR emissivity, with a global average of 0.5; the cloud (visible) optical depth varies within a range of 4 and 10.
The ITCZ's band of clouds over the Eastern Pacific and the Americas as seen from space. The atmospheric circulation pattern that George Hadley described was an attempt to explain the trade winds. The Hadley cell is a closed circulation loop which begins at the equator. There, moist air is warmed by the Earth's surface, decreases in density and ...
Cumulus clouds significantly impact energy and water vapor transport and influence precipitation and climate. In large-scale models, cumulus clouds need to be parameterized. The entrainment rate is a key parameter in cumulus parameterization. Henry Stommel was the first to study the entrainment rate in cumulus clouds. [4]