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Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) absorbs strongly in the ultraviolet wavelengths and has low background concentrations in the atmosphere. These characteristics make sulphur dioxide a good target for volcanic gas monitoring. It can be detected by satellite-based instruments, which allow for global monitoring, and by ground-based instruments such as DOAS.
The word is a portmanteau of the words "volcanic" and "smog". [1] The term is in common use in the Hawaiian Islands, where the Kīlauea volcano, on the Island of Hawaiʻi (the "Big Island"), erupted continuously between 1983 and 2018. [2] Based on June 2008 measurements, Kīlauea emits 2,000–4,000 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO 2) every day. [3]
Sulfur dioxide is an intermediate in the production of sulfuric acid, being converted to sulfur trioxide, and then to oleum, which is made into sulfuric acid. Sulfur dioxide for this purpose is made when sulfur combines with oxygen. The method of converting sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid is called the contact process. Several million tons are ...
A volcanic eruption is essentially the only natural way for short-lived – less than a few years – gases like sulfur dioxide and water vapor to make it into the stratosphere.
When volcanoes erupt, they eject carbon dioxide (CO 2), water, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide (SO 2), hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and many other gases (Meronen et al. 2012). CO 2 and water are greenhouse gases, which comprise 0.0415 percent and 0.4 percent of the atmosphere, respectively.
Prometheus consists of a 28-kilometer-wide (17 mi) volcanic pit named Prometheus Patera and a 100-kilometer-long (62 mi) compound lava flow, all surrounded by reddish sulfur and circular, bright sulfur dioxide (SO 2) volcanic plume deposits. [3] The volcano was first observed in images acquired by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in March 1979. [4]
Volcanic gases, a mixture made mostly of steam, carbon dioxide, and a sulfur compound (either sulfur dioxide, SO 2, or hydrogen sulfide, H 2 S, depending on the temperature) Lava, the name of magma when it emerges and flows over the surface; Tephra, particles of solid material of all shapes and sizes ejected and thrown through the air [50] [51]
It has a low shield profile and contrasts with adjacent steep-sided Nyiragongo volcano. Sulfur dioxide emissions by volcanoes, 1979-2003. Nyamuragira volcano is responsible for a large portion of the sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere by volcanoes. Lava flows from Nyamuragira (upper left) extend to Lake Kivu.