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Jain philosophy or Jaina philosophy refers to the ancient Indian philosophical system of the Jain religion. [1] It comprises all the philosophical investigations and systems of inquiry that developed among the early branches of Jainism in ancient India following the parinirvāṇa of Mahāvīra (c. 5th century BCE). [1]
According to Jainism, purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels: [3] [4] [5] Samyak darśana (Correct View), meaning faith, acceptance of the truth of soul (jīva); [6] Samyak jnana (Correct Knowledge), meaning undoubting knowledge of the tattvas; [7] and Samyak charitra (Correct Conduct), meaning behavior consistent with the Five vows. [7]
Jain philosophy can be described in various ways, but the most acceptable tradition is to describe it in terms of the Tattvas or fundamentals. [2] Without knowing them one cannot progress towards liberation. They are: Jīva - Souls and living things; Ajiva - Non-living things; Asrava - Influx of karma; Bandha - The bondage of karma
Central to understanding Jain philosophy is the concept of bhedavijñāna, or the clear distinction in the nature of the soul and non-soul entities. This principle underscores the innate purity and potential for liberation within every soul, distinct from the physical and mental elements that bind it to the cycle of birth and rebirth.
According to Jainism, purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels: [1] [2] [3] Samyak darśana (Correct View), meaning faith, acceptance of the truth of soul (jīva); [4] Samyak jnana (Correct Knowledge), meaning undoubting knowledge of the tattvas; [5] and Samyak charitra (Correct Conduct), meaning behavior consistent with the Five vows. [5]
In Jainism, it is the highest and the noblest objective that a soul should strive to achieve. It fact, it is the only objective that a person should have; other objectives are contrary to the true nature of soul. That is why, Jainism is also known as mokṣamārga or the “path to liberation”.
The whole scheme of gunasthana in Jain philosophy is devised in a logical order according to the principle of decreasing sinfulness and increasing purity. At the first stage, all the five causes of bondage—Irrational beliefs ( mithyatva ), non-restraint ( avirati ), carelessness ( pramada ), passions ( kashaya ) and activities of mind, speech ...
In Jain history, it was a metaphysical doctrine and a philosophical method to formulate its distinct ascetic practice of liberation. Jain history shows, to the contrary, that it persistently was harshly critical and intolerant of Buddhist and Hindu spiritual theories, beliefs and ideologies.