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Lumber produced by flat sawing from a log. Plank A has been cut from the middle, and is as wide as the original log. Plank B has been cut closer to the side, and shows slash grain. Flat sawing, flitch sawing or plain sawing is a woodworking process that produces flat-cut or plain-cut boards of lumber. [1]
When boards are cut from a log, they are usually rip cut along the length (axis) of the log. This can be done in three ways: plain-sawing (most common, also known as flat-sawn, bastard-sawn, through and through, and tangent-sawn), quarter-sawing (less common), or rift sawing (rare).
Diagonal- and stepped-cut rift-sawing is intermediate to flat-sawn and radial cut lumber. The angle of the bastard grain may differ along the width of the board or between opposing sides, and enhances the appearance of ray fleck. Flat-sawing is the quickest method, producing the least wood waste and largest possible boards from a log.
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bow: a warp along the length of the face of the wood; crook: a warp along the length of the edge of the wood; kink: a localized crook, often due to a knot; cup: a warp across the width of the face, in which the edges are higher or lower than the center of the wood; twist or wind: a distortion in which the two ends do not lie on the same plane.
Dodge and burn change the lightness of the pictures, inspired by the dodging and burning performed in a darkroom. Dodging lightens an image, while burning darkens it. Dodging the image is the same as burning its negative (and vice versa). Dodge modes: The Screen blend mode inverts both layers, multiplies them, and then inverts that result.
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An apple tree sprout is being converted to a branched, fruit-bearing spur by an arborist. Numbers show the sequence of cuts, which occurred during two years. Plants form new tissue in an area called the meristem, located near the tips of roots and shoots, where active cell division takes place.