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Valproate (valproic acid, VPA, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms) are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and prevent migraine headaches. [7] They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with absence seizures , partial seizures , and generalized seizures . [ 7 ]
Valnoctamide is a racemic compound with four stereoisomers, [10] all of which were shown to be more effective than valproic acid in animal models of epilepsy and one of which [(2S,3S]-valnoctamide) was considered to be a good candidate by Isoherranen, et al. for an anticonvulsant in August 2003.
Valpromide (marketed as Depamide by Sanofi-Aventis) is a carboxamide derivative of valproic acid used in the treatment of epilepsy and some affective disorders.It is rapidly metabolised (80%) to valproic acid (another anticonvulsant) but has anticonvulsant properties itself.
Sodium oxybate, sold under the brand name Xyrem among others, is a medication used to treat symptoms of narcolepsy: sudden muscle weakness and excessive daytime sleepiness. [ 3 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It is used sometimes in France and Italy as an anesthetic given intravenously .
Lithium carbonate and sodium valproate, another drug traditionally used to treat the disorder, act in the brain by inhibiting PKC's activity and help to produce other compounds that also inhibit the PKC. [14] Lithium carbonate's mood-controlling properties are not fully understood. [15]
Valproate pivoxil (Pivadin, Valproxen) is an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of epilepsy. [1] It is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester derivative of valproic acid . [ 2 ] It is likely a prodrug of valproic acid , as pivoxil esters are commonly employed to make prodrugs in medicinal chemistry.
Coconut water has less sodium than sports drinks, and is generally higher in potassium, lower in carbs, and has no added sugar, says Lvova. Orange juice is high in magnesium, phosphorus and ...
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