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The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, [b] (abbreviated Estonian SSR, Soviet Estonia, or simply Estonia ⓘ) was an administrative subunit (union republic) of the former Soviet Union (USSR), [1] [2] covering the occupied and annexed territory of Estonia in 1940–1941 and 1944–1991.
Estonia won the Estonian War of Independence against both Soviet Russia and the German Freikorps and Baltische Landeswehr volunteers. Independence was secured with the Tartu Peace Treaty, signed on 2 February 1920. The first Estonian constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 15 April 1920.
The 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt conducted by the Comintern, [9] was a failed coup attempt in Estonia staged by Communists (mostly infiltrated from Soviet Union) on 1 December 1924. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Of the 279 actively participating communists, 125 were killed in action, later more than 500 people were arrested.
Immediately before the outbreak of World War II, in August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact (also known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, or the 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact), concerning the partition and disposition of Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, in its Secret Additional Protocol.
By 1920, German troops had withdrawn and the Russian Civil War was in its final phase. Consequently, the Baltic states signed peace treaties with Soviet Russia. Estonia signed the Treaty of Tartu on 2 February, Lithuania signed the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty on 12 July and Latvia signed the Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty on 15 August 1920. [3]
After the war the Communist Party of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (ECP) became the pre-eminent organization in the republic. The ethnic Estonian share in the total ECP membership decreased from 90% in 1941 to 48% in 1952. Flag of the Estonian SSR Estonian Soviet politician Johannes Käbin led the Estonian Communist Party from 1950 to 1978
The Sovietization of the Baltic states is the sovietization of all spheres of life in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania when they were under control of the Soviet Union.The first period deals with the occupation from June 1940 to July 1941, followed by the German occupation during World War II.
The Soviet Union (USSR) occupied most of the territory of the Baltic states in its 1944 Baltic Offensive during World War II. [1] The Red Army regained control over the three Baltic capitals and encircled retreating Wehrmacht and Latvian forces in the Courland Pocket where they held out until the final German surrender at the end of the war.