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A randomized, double blind trial published in JAMA in 1994 [5] showed that management for alcohol withdrawal that was guided by the CIWA scale resulted in decreased treatment duration and total use of benzodiazepines. The goal of the CIWA scale is to provide an efficient and objective means of assessing alcohol withdrawal.
Failure to manage the alcohol withdrawal syndrome appropriately can lead to permanent brain damage or death. [11] Acamprosate, a drug used to promote abstinence from alcohol, an NMDA antagonist drug, reduces excessive glutamate activity in the central nervous system and thereby may reduce excitotoxicity and withdrawal related brain damage. [12 ...
The drug is used in treating and preventing symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal and as a sedative-hypnotic. It is structurally related to thiamine (vitamin B 1 ), but acts like a sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant , having the same mechanism of action as traditional barbiturates.
Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic medication used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including osteomyelitis (bone) or joint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, strep throat, pneumonia, acute otitis media (middle ear infections), and endocarditis. [5]
Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and are generally safe and effective in suppressing symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. [33] This class of medication is generally effective in symptoms control, but needs to be used carefully.
Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) is a hypothesized set of persistent impairments that occur after withdrawal from alcohol, [1] [2] opiates, benzodiazepines, barbituratess, and other substances. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Infants born to mothers who used substances of dependence during pregnancy may also experience a PAWS.
Drug detoxification (informally, detox) is variously construed or interpreted as a type of "medical" intervention or technique in regards to a physical dependence mediated by a drug; as well as the process and experience of a withdrawal syndrome or any of the treatments for acute drug overdose (toxidrome).
Reverse tolerance or drug sensitization is a pharmacological phenomenon describing subjects' increased reaction (positive or negative) to a drug following its repeated use. [4] Not all drugs are subject to reverse tolerance. This is the opposite of drug tolerance, in which the effect or the subject's reaction decreases following its repeated ...